T S 

985 



Issued September 12, 1908. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 117. 

H. W. WILEY, Chief of Bureau. 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



By 



F. P. VEITCH, 

CHIEF OP THE LEATHER AND PAPER LABORATORY. 

INCLUDING NOTES ON THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF 
SICILIAN SUMAC AND ITS ADULTERANTS, 

By 
B. J. lir ,- VV\"RP, 

CHIEF OF THE MICROCHEMICAL LABORATORY. 




^^Sgj^^ 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1908. 



t.M- 

















Qr^fi 






§1 i8o;o jf 






&§^^M 


V 




^^ss^-r^^ 




Glass 


7~T) 


n& 


Book_ 


i 






* 





Issued September 12, 1908. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 117. 

H. W. WILEY, Chief of Bureau. 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



By 



F. P. VEITCH, 

CHIEF OF THE LEATHER AND PAPER LABORATORY. 



INCLUDING NOTES ON THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF 
SICILIAN SUMAC AND ITS ADULTERANTS, 

By 
B. J. HOWARD, 

CHIEF OF THE MICROCHEMICAL LABORATORY. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

19 8. 

V 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



United States Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, June 3, 1908. 
Sir : I have the honor to submit for your approval a report of two 
investigations, conducted in 1905 and 1907, concerning the quality of 
Sicilian sumac imported into this country, chemical and micro- 
scopical examination of a large number of samples having been 
made. This study was made in the Leather and Paper Laboratory 
of the Bureau of Chemistry because of its direct bearing on the 
leather trade interests of the country, as well as because of its rela- 
tion to the increased production of sumac in the United States. 
Material assistance in the performance of the laboratory work 
involved in this investigation was rendered by H. H. Hurt and C. C. 
Smoot, of the Leather and Paper Laboratory. I recommend the 
publication of this report as Bulletin 117 of the Bureau of Chemistry 
Respectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, 
Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

117 (2) 

SEP 22 1908 
D.OfU 




CONTENTS 



Pag-a 

Quantity and value of imported sumac 5 

Culture and preparation for market 6 

Nature of adulteration 7 

Investigation of 1905 8 

Securing samples for analysis 8 

Methods of examination 8 

Discussion of results of analysis 10 

Investigation of 1907 20 

Discussion of analytical data 20 

Comments by importers 21 

Detection of adulteration 26 

Notes on the microscopical examination of Sicilian sumac and its adulter- 
ants 26 

Apparatus and reagents 26 

Technique 27 

Some histological features 28 

Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) 28 

Lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus) 29 

Tamarisk ( Tamarix africana) 30 

Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 30 

Chemical determination of adulterants 30 

Extent of adulteration 32 

117 (3) 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Plate I. Fig. 1. — Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) , upper surface. Fig. 2. — 

Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) , lower surface 28 

II. Fig. 1. — Lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus), upper surface. Fig. 2. — 

Lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus), lower surface 30 

III. Fig. 1. — Tamarisk (Tamarix africana), showing papillae of epider- 
mis. Fig. 2. — Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), upper surface 30 

117 (4) 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



QUANTITY AND VALUE OF IMPORTED SUMAC. 

Sicilian sumac is the best vegetable tanning material known for 
pale colors and soft tannage, and is consequently extensively used 
for moroccos, roans, skivers, etc., and for. brightening the color of 
leather tanned with dark materials. An extended investigation a 
by a committee of the Society of Arts has shown conclusively that 
sumac-tanned leathers are less likely to be attacked by light and gas 
fumes, and hence better suited for use in bookbinding than any other 
known vegetable tannage. 

As good "masculino," or Sicilian mountain sumac, contains from 
25 to 35 per cent of tannin which is absorbed by hides, it is a very 
high grade and desirable tanning material, commanding a high price. 
Consequently it is adulterated to a considerable extent, and much 
complaint has arisen during the past three or four years both from 
importers and tanners about the mixing of sumac leaves with stems 
or other lower-grade and darker-colored substances, an adulteration 
which not only affects the material itself, but also darkens greatly the 
leather tanned. In view of these facts it has been deemed advisable 
to make a careful examination of imported Sicilian sumac. 

Although mineral tanning has largely replaced vegetable tanning 
in the production of morocco, the importations of foreign sumac have 
remained about the same for a number of years, as shown by Table I, 
prepared from statistics issued by the Department of Commerce 
and Labor. 

Table I. — Quantity and value of sumac imported into the United States from 1870 to 1907 . 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1870 


Pounds. 

9, 634, 367 
16, 718, 678 
16,397,213 
12, 179, 203 
10, 335, 980 
15, 583, 334 
14, 886, 482 
12,244,907 


Dollars. 
418,919 
511,941 


1875 


1890 


1895 


235, 157 


1900 

1905 


225,036 
235, 403 
259,974 


1906 

1907 





117 



« Journal of the Society of Arts, London, 1901, p. 14. 
(5) 



COMMEKCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



CULTURE AND PREPARATION FOR MARKET. 

Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a shrubby bush which grows 
chiefly in Sicily and Tuscany, and succeeds on any well-drained soil, 
though the best development is secured in calcareous soils. That 
grown in the mountainous districts around Palermo is known as 
"masculino" and contains the highest percentage of tannin — from 
25 to 35 per cent — while that grown on the plains is called "feminella" 
and usually contains less than 25 per cent. Andraesch" states that 
"feminella" is a variety distinct from "masculino," stronger, having 
larger leaves, and containing a darker tannin but less of it than the 
"masculino." Examinations of both kinds of leaf have failed to 
show any differences, and communication with importers brings out 
the fact that no distinction is made except on a basis of the tannin 
content. 

While in this country no attention is devoted to the cultivation of 
the native sumac, in Sicily it is commonly cultivated, as the yield and 
value of the leaf are both much greater than from the wild plant. 
Sumac may be grown on poor, stony, volcanic, or calcareous soils, not 
too far from the sea, and on mountain sides well exposed to the sun. 
Sudden changes of temperature or frequent rains, especially when the 
material is about ready to harvest, greatly injure its quality and 
strength. 

The plant may be propagated from the young shoots which form 
each year about the mature plant, from cuttings of the well-ripened 
stem, or from the seed. The first method is the one generally fol- 
lowed. The shoots should be at least a foot high, be well supplied 
with buds, come from young, healthy plants, and have short chain 
roots well supplied with rootlets. When cuttings from the wood are 
made, they must be first rooted in a propagation frame at a tempera- 
ture of about 70° F. The young plants are set in well-cultivated land 
in rows 2 feet apart, and are given three or four cultivations during 
the growing season to keep the land free from weeds and grass. 

The first crop is harvested the year after planting, either by pruning 
or by picking the leaves. Harvesting begins about the middle of 
July, the time being governed by the development of the leaf, the 
object being to harvest when the leaf has acquired the deepest green 
color and reached its maximum weight. If the leaves are gathered 
by hand, harvesting begins when the first and lowest leaves have 
reached maturity, usually in May, and two subsequent gatherings are 
made as the younger leaves become fully developed, once late in July 
or early in August, and again in September, when the extremities of 
the branches are gathered. After being picked, the shoots and leaves 

aAbs., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1898, 17: 774. 
117 



NATURE OF ADULTERATION. 7 

are allowed to lie in the field in order that they may become partially 
cured, or they are immediately taken to the barn for curing. It is 
important that the material be not exposed to rains or to intense sun- 
shine during curing, as the quality of the product is greatly injured 
thereby. As a rule, therefore, the best product may be obtained by 
drying under cover, being careful to turn the leaves frequently to 
prevent molding. After drying, the leaves and stems are roughly 
ground, baled, and sold as "leaf sumac," or they are reground in 
edge runner mills, sifted to remove the stems, ventilated, bagged, and 
sold as "ground sumac." 

It can readily be seen that the dryness of the product and the 
proportion of stems that remains with the leaf of the. baled and 
ground sumac will vary considerably according to the care with 
which it is handled. As these stems not only contain less tannin, 
but also have a deeper color than the leaf, the value of the product 
may be materially influenced simply by the method of preparation 
for market. 

NATURE OF ADULTERATION. 

In addition to the incorporation of large quantities of the stem 
with the leaf, a practice which must be regarded as an adulteration, 
a number of other materials less valuable for tanning than sumac are 
mixed with the leaf. By far the most common adulterant, indeed 
the one almost exclusively used in the sumacs imported into this 
country, is the leaf of Pistacia lentiscus commonly called lentiscus 
or lentisco. This leaf contains from 12 to 20 per cent of a catechol 
tannin, and leather tanned with sumac adulterated with this leaf 
darkens and reddens on exposure to air, for which reason its use 
is decidedly objectionable in the manufacture of certain grades 
of leather. The lentiscus is mixed with ground sumac at the rate 
of from 20 to 50 per cent, and with the sumac leaves at the rate 
of 20 to 30 per cent. Other leaves much less generally used in adul- 
terating sumac are those of Coriaria myrtifolia ("stinco"), Tamarix 
afncana ("brusca"), Ailanthus gladulosa, Vitis vinifera (grape 
vine) , and some species of the Rhus family other than coriaria, as 
well as foreign material. Sumac from which tannin has been 
extracted or which has been injured by exposure is also mixed with 
the normal product. None of these adulterants can be detected 
by a casual examination of the sumac, but special methods, which 
will be described later, have been devised for this purpose. 

The Italian laws require that all adulterated sumac offered for 
export shall be distinctly labeled with the kind and quantity of the 
adulterant, but it is claimed that this law is frequently evaded, and 
the trade journals state that a very large percentage of adulterated 
sumac has been shipped to this country. Some have tried to justify 

117 



8 COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 

this by asserting that the market here demands sumac at such a 
price that the genuine " masculine- " sumac can not be sold. How- 
ever this may be, it appears important that the actual conditions as 
to purity of imported sumac should be brought fully to the attention 
of the American importers and buyers, that they may take such 
steps as appear advisable for their protection. 

INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 

SECURING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. 

Through the cooperation of the customs division of the Treasury 
Department, the samples for examination were secured at the chief 
ports of entry in accordance with the instructions in the following 

letter: 

January 17, 1905. 
The Secretary op the Treasury. 

Sir: In connection with the work of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department 
it is desired to obtain samples of sumac leaves and ground sumac entering the ports of 
New York, Boston, and Baltimore. If in harmony with the regulations of your office, 
I should be glad if you would issue such instructions to the collectors of the ports 
named as will enable us to secure the material mentioned. 

In taking the samples, the names and addresses of the consignor and of the con- 
signee, together with a copy of all the marks on the bags, should be secured and these 
data forwarded with the proper samples. 

Samples should be drawn from about 5 per cent of each invoice by passing a slotted 
sampling tube from top to bottom of the bags, thoroughly mixing the subsamples of 
each invoice thus obtained and taking from 1 to 2 pounds of this to be forwarded to 
this Department with the data above mentioned. * * * 

In compliance with this request samples of leaf and ground 
sumac were taken by the Treasury Department, chiefly through the 
ports of New York and Boston, and delivered to the Bureau of 
Chemistry. 

METHODS OF EXAMINATION. 

The samples were submitted to both chemical and microscopic 
analysis in order to determine their composition and distinguish 
the adulterants if such were present. An extractor especially adapted 
to this purpose was used, numerous experiments a having shown that 
with this apparatus the extraction of sumac is more complete and 
the operation is more easily conducted than with other extractors- 
Furthermore, the color of the resulting extract is less affected than 
when the ordinary copper Soxhlet, such as is quite commonly 
employed in tannery work, is used. 

Inasmuch as the extraction is more complete with this form of 
extractor than with those formerly used, the results on tannin are, 

«J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1905, 27; 724; 1906, 28; 505. 
117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 9 

as a rule, higher than those obtained and published a few years ago, 
when rarely more than 25 per cent of tannin was determined in even 
the best Sicilian sumac. The high results here reported, which are 
now obtained quite generally by others, are probably due, therefore, 
to more complete extraction and improved methods of analysis 
rather than to improvement in the quality of sumac. It has been 
the opinion among tannery chemists, based on the work of Semour- 
Jones, Palmer, Parker, and Proctor, of England, that most tanning 
materials are best extracted at temperatures below boiling; thus 
sumac is supposed to yield the highest results by extracting below 
60° C. The work done in the Bureau of Chemistry makes this 
opinion no longer tenable, as the highest results have been obtained 
at from 60° to 90° C. according to the following method, which is now 
used in this laboratory in extracting all kinds of tannery materials. 

Place in the extractor, preparatory to receiving the sample, a per- 
forated porcelain disk and cover with a mat of asbestos or of purified 
cotton. Place the weighed sample of tanning material in a beaker 
and moisten with hot water at from 60° to 90° C. until it has the 
consistency of a thin paste; then transfer it to the extractor, remov- 
ing all the material from the beaker with a jet of hot water. Let the 
water percolate through the extractor into a Jena boiling flask, press 
the material down well, cover with a perforated porcelain plate, and 
return the percolate to the extractor until it runs clear. Allow a 
total volume of from 300 to 400 cc to percolate at a temperature of 
from 60° to 90° C. Place about 250 cc of fresh water in a clean 
receiving flask and connect it with the extractor by means of a block- 
tin condenser, heat to boiling, and finish the extraction at steam heat, 
replacing the extract with fresh portions of water two or three times 
and being careful to keep the total volume of extract within a liter. 
When the extraction is completed, usually in from twenty to twenty- 
five hours, combine the hot extracts in a liter flask and make up to 
volume when cold. Only the best nonsoluble glass and block tin 
must be used in the extraction apparatus, as the alkali dissolved 
from ordinary glass materially dissolves "reds" insoluble in cold 
water. Make the determination of tannin and other constituents of 
the extracts according to the official methods of the Association of 
Official Agricultural Chemists. a 

Determine the moisture by drying 5 grams of substance in a flat- 
bottomed dish for five hours and check the weight again after drying 
for three hours. 

Determine the crude ash in the residue from the moisture by incin- 
eration at a low red heat until all carbon is burned away, then cool 
and weigh the residue. 

a IT. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 107, p. 35. 
48524— Bull. 117—08 2 



10 COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 

To determine the sand, treat the ash with about 10 per cent hydro- 
chloric acid and warm gently for several hours, filter, wash thor- 
oughly, ignite, and weigh. The weight so obtained is considered as 
sand. 

Make the color determination of the extract with the Lovibond tint- 
ometer, the readings being made in the 1-inch cell on the soluble 
solids nitrate, and calculate the results to a basis of 0.5 per cent of 
tannin in the solution. Give the results in terms of red and yellow, 
the black being subtracted for the red and yellow readings. 

It should be borne in mind that the color determination so obtained 
does not necessarily represent the color of the extract obtained in 
tannery practice. Indeed, it is almost certain that the color of the 
extracts as thus prepared for analysis is considerably deeper than 
that of the extract obtained from the same materials by ordinary tan- 
nery methods. These results, then, only show the relative colors 
produced by different samples under like conditions of extraction 
and should be compared only among themselves. 

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OF ANALYSIS. 

In tabulating the data on these samples, the name and address of 
the consignor, when these appeared on the containers, the name and 
address of the consignee, the approximate date of entry, and the 
place of sampling are given in connection with the chemical analysis 
and the microscopic examination. Care was taken to secure sam- 
ples only from invoices imported in good condition. 

As is shown in Table II (p. 12), the average percentage of tannin 
in all the samples of sumac is 28.8 per cent, which is higher than the 
results generally given in the literature for Sicilian sumac. As has 
been said, it is not believed that this is due to any improvement in 
the character of the leaf now grown, but rather to improved methods 
of extraction and also to changes in methods of analysis. 

Approximately 41 per cent of the invoices from which samples 
were taken were mixed with lentiscus, this being practically the only 
adulterant employed, except sumac stems, which were present in 
excessive quantities in a number of samples. The adulterated sam- 
ples contained from 19.6 per cent to 33.3 per cent and averaged 26.6 
per cent of tannin, or 2.2 per cent less than the average of all the 
sumac samples. A number of the samples contained an excess of 
sumac stems, and the average tannin content of these was 29.9 per 
cent, which indicates that the stems are not added in such large 
quantities as is the lentiscus. The samples of pure sumac contained 
from 27.4 to 35.1 per cent and averaged 31.9 per cent of tannin. 

Adulteration of the average pure sumac with 30 per cent of the 
average lentiscus would yield an article having the same percentage 

117 



INVESTIGATION" OF 1905. 11 

of tannin as the average adulterated samples — that is, approximately 
27 per cent. The figures, therefore, indicate an average adulteration 
of 30 per cent of lentiscus, which is possibly below the actual practice, 
as high-grade sumacs are more likely to be adulterated than the lower 
grades. Several of the samples, however, contain so little tannin 
that it is evident that either an exceptionally low grade of sumac was 
used or that lentiscus was almost entirely substituted. 

Ten samples were marked as containing lentiscus. In two cases the 
examination proved the sample to be pure sumac. In no case was 
more than a 25 per cent adulteration admitted. The average tannin 
content of the six admittedly adulterated samples is 27.5 per cent, 
practically identical with the average of all the adulterated samples. 

If the general statement that the "feminella" sumac contains less 
than 25 per cent of tannin is accepted, it would appear that none of 
the adulterated samples was plain-grown sumac. As this classifica- 
tion seems to be based solely on the tannin content, it may be ignored 
except in so far as it is an expression of the agricultural fact that 
sumac grown on the high ground contains more tannin than that 
grown in the valleys. 

Leather tanned with sumacs adulterated with lentiscus is darker 
than that tanned with pure Sicilian sumac, and the determination of 
the color of the extracts from these samples is in harmony with this 
fact. The darkest extract from a pure sumac contains less red color- 
ing matter than the lightest-colored extract from an adulterated 
sample, while the extracts from the samples of lentiscus contained 
several times as much coloring matter as the darkest pure sumac 
extract. 

117 



12 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



2 i >>« • 
0.2 ST) *•£ 
C.2 OS g O^ 

Pi " 



•-P « fi 



q o ft o a q 



"3 S 
o o 



p g 



:e 



2 «3 




.3 8 

CB.O g 


3 "£ 


.2 * 
+3t3 


+j oS 3 


01 


03 P-l 


►3 



e 

o 

•<g 

a 
£ 



o a &£ 3 
o a«o.2 



•A\onaA 



OJ 00W CO lO 



•pan 



ion eo 

COCO i-i 



CT> CT> CD 



•smutrej ajq-BiiBAy 



CO 05 TT CM CO i-l 



(M <M CM O) CO CO CO CO CM 



■siiiuirej-uoN 



IO CM CO 



i-l <M t-h i-l CM 



rl rH IM 



"loviixa 8iqti[0sui 



t-^1 CO 00 



ICO CO tN CM 



•^ora-nxa 8[qri[og 



CM 00 — 
lO -^ 



CO i-l 



i — I i — I t~ — 



•^DBj^xa \v%ox 



00 CO CO «3 



53 3 



CD lO CD 



•pUBg 



a> o» r1 



•qsy 



•ajnjsiojii 



s» 


CD 


s 


OS O 


s 


CM 


IM 


a> 


o 

CO 


CO 
CO 


■"CK 


as 
o 


3< 




cm 


t- 


t- 


r*. 


co oo 


CO 


CO 


CO 


Ol 


r- 


00 


r~ 


00 


00 


to 


OS 


8 


o 


s 


lO o 


9 


CO 

oo 


CO 


3 


CO 
OS 


CD 


CM 


cm 


2 


a 


00 


00 


CO 


00 


00 O) 


I- 


t~ 


t~ 


00 


CO 


00 


00 


00 


^ 


CO 


CO 



cj a b 



C*3 0*3 «J C3 






-a a 



oS*1 

3 CD- 

o 



0>.a3o3'2ggo3 
3 : H 385036 

P-l Ph P-l 



o 



ST) 

r 



pq 



:<8 .d 

a? ~ • CQ m "> ft 

a . s> • W ft— 

So! • Srj c3T) 

i_J I* >-s 01 S _• O-Shs O 

W o < :£ £ 



rt 



& -3A 

P d c-S 
O c3 

o+= o~ 

i«>3 

Sox "»+^i 
•OH flfi 

H k, o o n 
•°3 -co ft 



08° ■ 
§2-8.3 

w r oST) 
« °H.3 d 



V8 
2 c 



"5 



o t> C • n 

goa aj o Jh 
ta"3T)S 

Pi :o 



^ ft 

■Z 6 6 
.3 o° 

"535 o 

_03 OS >- 



oft.S,gs § 



03 « 

WTJ 

Pi 
Pi 



H 

•» o : 
O P 



■«1 

oSiJ 
>■ 03 
2P-i 

O 



117 



■or £io%vioq'6 r i 



00 00 00 00 



01 



INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 



13 

























CD 




m 


























S 












3 




3 
















o 












o 


o 









s 


o 




o 





o 


o 


O 


O 


o 





n 


fi 


ft 




B 


n 


fi 


A 




3 


•a 


oj 


£ 


HH 


« 


o3 

a 


M 


P 















a 










a 




a 
























<-i 










a 


X 


oa 


i-l 








3 
OQ 








5fi 


a 






i 


| 


>> 




| 


o 




a 

3 




a 

3 










• 




1 


d m 






a- 


t* 


J,S 


o 




.a 




.a 
















o 


■ 


' 


c; 


. 


; 5 


m 


s* 






a 


4-S 










CO 


ea 







w n g m 

5ciS» 



« 3 g to 

•8 c^3 

B d*- 3s 

hH hH- 



3<» „£ K 2 

o to 3 "E a 

M cb S -3 3 

Ph 



a s 



hi j ^ 



oj 


fr- 


o 


CO 


fr- 


ee 


■tf 


0! 


Til 


-P 


"Tj 


o 


"5 


00 00 


-c 


"5 


>o 


H 


o> 


fr- 


ee 


CO 


fr- 


fr- 


fr- 

tN 


b. 

CO 


c-i 


lO 


C» 


CO 


di 


lO 


T-C* 


CO 
CN 


fr- 


00 


•O 


to 


ex 


CN 


CO 


co 


rH 


CO 


CO 


fr- 


o 


CO 


W 


C35 


o 


coco 


CN 


ee 


CO 


-fi 


CO 


CN 


CN 


CN 


CN. 


CN 


o> 


fr- 


Oi 


«5 


CN 


HP 


rt 


-n 


CO-* 


rH 


CN 


CN 


~ 


rt 


00 


CN 


CO 


rH 


CO 


o 


■* 


CN 


"5 


rH 


00 


■o 


■ ■* 


■fCO 


CO 


fr- 


rH 


OO 


o> 


a 


8 


CO 


OS 
CM 


C» 
CN 


00 
CN 


CO 


I- 


CN 


CN 

CO 


8 


CN 

CO 


CN 


fr-lO 

CNCN 


OJ 


IS 


CO 


CN 

CO 


-* 

CO 


CO 


fr- 


Ui 


CO 


O 


l-i 


fr- 


CO 


tH 


o 


CO 


CO 


00 


coco 


00 


rH 


rH 


CO 


fr- 


O 
CN 


OO 


CN 


o 

CN 


o 

CN 


e 

01 


cN 
CN 


o 


Ol 


o> 


00 


00 


o 


00 00 


CN 


CN 


O 
CN 


00 


fr- 


CO 


CN 


»o 


00 


rH 


Oi 


0! 


-r- 


"3 


03 


"91 


o 


00 


CNfr- 


rH 


00 


lO 


fr- 


o 


CO 


CO 


CN 


CN 


CO 


«5 


"5 


"f 


IQ 


>e 


-P 


w 


CO 


-J1TJ1 


CO 


■c" 


CO 


ee 


■* 


f-1 


CT> 


00 


fr- 


CO 


T-l 


rH 


00 


CO 


-H 


•* 


1-i 


CN 


OCN 


■«f< 


00 


CN 


-f 


CO 




CO 


•o 




OS 


9 


0! 

CO 


fr- 

CO 


-p 


U3 




3 


CD 
-cf 


CO TT 

TJ1TJI 


3 


CD 


>o 


w 


CN 

>e 


^r 


f-1 


CO 


irj 


t- 


o 


c 


CN 


i-H 


o 


00 


rH 


O 


CN03 


"0 


o 


fr- 


rH 


CO 


■O 


s 


r- 


CN 


CN 
«3 


■a 


«3 


9 


o 


fr- 

"5 


00 


CO 
"3 


o 

lO 


ooo 




■o 






CO 


CN 

fr- 


O) 


CN 


•en 




CO 
CO 




00 
fr- 


CD 
CO 


OS 
W5 


00 
CN 


>o 


00 


CO -f 

CO r-l 


CN 




s 


CN 

CO 


CO 

fr- 












rH 


rH 




rH 


-H 


rH 


T-4 


rH 


t-H rH 


rH 




rH 


rH 


r-3 


a> 


o 


s 


CO 
CO 




"5 


X 


th 
CN 


S 


o 

CN 


00 

fr- 


CD 


fr- 
CO 


i-HCN 
IOC0 


CO 


8 


o 
fr- 


00 
fr- 


00 


CD 


t- 


CO 


CO 




00 


CO 


CO 


00 


OS 


fr- 


00 


00 


oo fr- 


CO 


00 


ee 


• 00 


00 


CO 


eo 


00 


s 


CO 
"Cf 


CO 


fr- 

o 


r- 


CO 
Ol 


05 
U3 


s 


TJ< 


o 


ee cn 

C32CO 


CN 
CN 


CO 


CO 
CO 


CN 


CN 

o 


t^ 


00 


CO 


fr- 


fr- 


CO 


00 


00 


CO 


fr- 


fr- 


fr- 


t- 


COfr- 


fr- 


CO 


fr- 


fr- 


fr- 



S a 



c3 

•ah 



CD g CD 3 

cj i? (- 03 £ g 03 C ccj 

S^3 <*5+3 !« o3,oj 

£ 5 i5 






JS3o 
O O h 

Ph O 



S 3 a 



^.2 Sts I 

O (h CD -3 3 
S O 



-CD ! -CD -I 

t ft .-a B.3 8 



3 = b £sS 
rfi fta® -iftS 

W rH *"* L> CO _- H 

3^T)^^3^g 

O 1 ^ CD o3 cr.2 

h o " iS ^ a 

O g 3 03rH o g-a 
Cti ''S -.giajhr. g 
CDo3 •CD03i3'S +jai * 3 

ftjs :ftis§«_1ftrtg 

0Q loo O OQ O 



cd a on, 
CD 5 ■£ 



n § 

i.2 2 

) — H 

. CD -» 
I ft 



3 3 

hop. 



3 > ! 
3 §1 



kT CU 

p ft 



s :a s 



a a 



s 



a 
•3 . 

S ° 
§.E 



"cd 6 3 

> . tljO 

3"g O 
cs fc"3 

«s g.g'a 

c§S *CQ 
rH 03 



■y 



o 

3>H 

■"J & 

• CD 
«?rH 
O 



OK. 

o fe 

CD K 



en rbcj w 

O rnO 

«rH°2 

r* CD'S © 
gr.S>H 



O U 

—• • o 

P WO 



e u u ■ 

U CD >' 



b* 



" IS 

3 ofi[i 
I §^ 

ftrgS - 



">o 

o - 
So 

. ■°3 



•a a 

ol 

t-rH 
«d 

^3 

o£ 

la 



s£ 



P56 



^ k 

o ft 

to d— r 

oil 
g * g 

COrHrP 6 

2 r .3 
S oo3 a 
go S 

r^ O 



O _0 

CO Ok, 

03 C°« 

ft E 

CD C3 X 

1211 

g 6°2 *S 

go .ftc 

Ph fn r= 



12* 

CD o" 



08 



o 



§a 

> ft 

O CD 



<cc S CO ® 

!> E > cs 

OJO OfL, 

5 5 



i Eh i 
O 3 

E'5'5 • S 
hgao >h 

3 ^s§ao^ 

* 03 w > u -h o3 
|rH«,2 5 §ft 

, Ch'O rH 



» _» 



°° 5 


oi 
Ph 


Ph 


O 6 o3 . 


6~ 

u 


'3 


> Ks o 

03 « o3 S 


'5* 


i-. 


02 03Q G 

ft .5 


rH 


n 


Ph O 


a 


a 



£2 



117 



14 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



Q 



cc i-j 






o 







bib 


E 


6 6 c 


d 


3 

d g c 


odd 


3 
o 


d 


3 

o 


d d 






5+3-- ' « t. >> 

hjy 03 o ^ 
ft ° 


| pp i p 


o -+3 « p a n 

1=1 1 


d 


ft 


53 OP 
d 




<8 . 3 
ft 02 


H CO 


ft 




ft 




X 

« 






• a 

CO 3 




3 








1§ 






3 -° 




^2 


3 
o 




g : : d : 


S * d : : : 


S3 


d ■ 03 
o ; 




§1 




53 — 2 ' 


CO 


•- 




a • • I 


a 3 s 


3 


d 


3 . -3 
















Si 

g * 


T-. ° ° m ° 
2 -ad a) -a 

1 ! i 1 ! 

02 . . ft 


•-" co-g co o O O 

2 -^ S cb -d T) -d 
S ais m ■ . . 

§ co'tfB • ; ; 
cd ft ft 


S CD 

a5 a 
ft w 


d a^ 

CD CD~ 

ft jft 




. »H 




!>. OO © "*# t^- 


Oi Tt< CO CO CM CO 


"3 


© 


© ©US 




^I ft a^g 


•M.OIPA 


t-h ON O T 


© CN -H t~ O t- 




o 


US USCO 


















c °"ih a; o.2 




O t-h © CO 00 


CM © -fl" CO 00 © 


t^ 


us 


oo oo-^ 1 


a 


■ a ,d 


•p9H 


T TTCO CM 


CM "* CN rt r-< rt 


CO 


CO 


U3 © ^ 




00 00.-I CO O 


© Oi oo r» © iH 


© 


CO 


00 HV 


o 


•sinutrei aiq^reAy 


•V l^t> © "rf 


Oi © © CM t-l CO 


t>^ 


© 




01 

ft 




CM CMCM CO CO 














CO lOlO CM O 


rH 00 © W3 © i-i 


© 


t~- 


O CM-^ 


•smnuB^-uox 






00 




■^1 IO 00 


a 
_o 




i-l r-H(N <M t-I 


H T-* t-i tH ^H CM 




CM 






iH ©CO t- "5 


OO CO i-H © i-H CM 


•o 


CO 


© tH© 


■^otu^xa aiqniosui 


CO CM © CO *d1 


M M lO * IO * 


CO 


CO 


CM COT 




-«l COCO IC O 


[>■[>. ■» CM © CM 


CM 


© 


00 COOO 


S 
a 


•q.o'Bj^xa aiqnjog 


lO CO t~ O CO 

-* T ■**! us U-) 


00 © © © © CO 


© 


t~ 


t^ ©T-I 














US CM © CM US 


l£0 © »0 00 t^ ^ 


t~ 


CO 


r~ ■* t- 


•^0BJ^X8 j-b^ox 


oo ©co t>- r- 

■V ^f us us us 


CM © •* ■* L-5 t- 

u5 io ic m i-o >o 


§ 


© 
us 


5 ^SS 






■f ■* © f- 00 © 


§ 


COH M HOO 
cous -cfl Tt>tM 


o 


•pn^s 


© t^rf IC US 




ti 




ft ftcM .-i ft 


^-1 t-i t-i CM CM H 












f~ CM © CO r-l t^ 

© -^ IO »H © © 


© 


©© O 00© 




■qsy 


i-H US© © 00 






O 


OJ 00© 00 t- 


00 t^ © © © 00 


00 


00 00 © us© 










©©CM 1~- © 




•ajrustojv 


© i-l t^ CD lO 


t^ CO io LO CO tH 


•o 






CO t~ **- W t- 


t~ t~ t~ t~ t^ t> 


t~ 


t^ t^ 00 ©© 




>> 


_r-d ■ - CD ! - P 

88 ■•as , -a 3. 


h, "& -d !3 £ S 

I ~S 2 3-3 3 

-3 s 3: - 3 _< "d d 
T3 Q.tn -* d Q. 5C Pc 1 cp 

■Sdg S -g^d-S 




:8 








dS 

o <-> 

aft 
2 o 


H-g ■ o 3 . ® 2 

CD CD . P S Cj w -M 

js t> . cb g g 53 a 
aS • >2§ >% 

g 2 O 03 H m 03 "3 




■ 3 

Id ft 

. CD-M CO 








S~ 




•S a 3 

. d CD O 






*» 


Sd2 („- 53-2 EdS 

oj'-'X 3 cbo3™p-3 
> H ft > ^ O 


O 

d 


o g °.2 o 
■d b S +3 d 






02 bp 


3 £ • X ? 3 X bo 




:|ftg • 
:p: ft : 






o :w ft h 




















!us 








. o o © o 






























































t— ,.© , oo 












ft 

1 
o 

a 


03 


-> o™ o rt 


CM C* rH 


o 


o o 




P 


u "^ C ^ m 


»d ■ 'd « . . 

. Fh , »H M H 


d 


dd 


I (4 


















8 :a- ; a 


: S : S -< ^ 








;a 






: : : : 


: : : : -^ 






a '• ■ 
ft ^ 


CD 














d : o 


"o 
O 


5 


§ o o d d 


o o o o !* § 


o 


do 3d dix 


ft 


-m "da tj 'O 


'd 'd d d fe "^ 


d 


^ §x ^is 






o • • 

« : : : : 


CD 

: : : : £ ft 












r ' t*> c >^ S to 


" dr a M d « . S r 


r 






a 

a 

3 

o 
D 


.s ill? lis r** *!$«►! s 1 ; e lil-it-g 

k3o r O u j t - , -eO'-'o3C .o ocj-wO&j n on «JOMO*feOOd ■'CJit 






^ :&: W <! 


o ft W w o <j 


-9, 


:o o :o 






r ' do 


' .' r ._- ~r • 


o 


! cd" 








Q • d G G 
■ O co ,2 


^ o ft 1 1 : 


0) 


:« 


• d 
;. cs 

• '3 

• 03 
u 

j15 




n 

o 

I 

o 
O 


"3 : * * ? 

.03 n. Dj 
.DQ ^ M 

go; oo" •g 
o 9 , H a .2 

> E .3fi«i +» 

*^Offl5+3 S 

ft :gft> w . 


O CD CD . 

.2 ■§ -3 H ft ; 

* S §§o§.-Sd 

g o^ >h Co c g c g 

t> Rfe > 03 S oj !> 03 a 

2®^ "ftftftoft-g 

O O t> M O t3 


ft 

ocf 

d 
o 
t> 

03 
02 


• o . 

•.2 o 

:il 

.ft 






ft jft > w 


ft 


;0 


!ft ' 




•OJ^ AJC 


jBioq^T; 


c 


tHCN CO -^ 


Ll O S 00 N DO 
IO IC »c »o t^- t— 


© 


©^ 
00 TC 


CM 

oc 


coco 
ooa 





117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 



15 



3 3 

•Oo 



3*^53 



Ms 

B eg oS 

sa 

S ° 3,3 



a +3 g 2 +3 

a Bos b, 

3 cp^ 3 3 CD 

Ph M 02 h-) 



SrC . 3 
3/2 M 3 
-Q "m 'u -3' 



)-~ C-- 3 £.- 3 oS 



rH 


ooi— • 


rH 


CM 


•& 


to 


rHOOCJ 


rH 


to 


CO 


OJ 


00 OJ 


00 


o 


e» 


■*■■ 


CO 


ci 


NH9 


CM 


to 


lO 


IN 


t~cot- 


C! 


a 


N 


CO 


n-oj 


OS 


3 


t^ 


OJ 


oj 


CO 


o«o 


lO 


00 


o 


f- 


<N -*<a> 


00 


CO 


N- 


00 


TfllO 


1-t 


■V 


•& 


lO 


■^< 


CM 


rHCOCO ; 


■* 


: * 


to 


■V 


iO->*rH 


CO 


CO 


>o 


IM 


cNCO 


CO 


11 


CM 


IM 


CM 



CM 


■*vo 


to 


-* 


CM 


o 


OJ 


■* 


00 


■* 


OJN. H 


rH 


•o 


CO 


CM 


CM CO 


N 


OJ 


oo 


CM 


o 


CC 


CMN-N- 
CO CM CM 


to 

(M 


o 

CO 


CM 


CO 
CM 


o 


CO 


CM 


CO 

CI 


COCOH 
CM CM CO 


CM 


o 

CO 


CO 
CM 


OJ 
CM 


COO 
CO CM 


OJ 
CM 


to 

CM 


■SI 

CO 


CO 


CO 


C) 


OcNO 


CO 


00 


O 


oj 


1-1 


r» 


CJ 


r~ 


O ^H rH 


OJ 


rH 


Tf 


iH 


tDOJ 


lO 


00 


CM 


M 


CM 


p 

C< 


ooojoj 


OJ 


00 


OJ 


00 


OJ 


co 


OJ 


CJ 


rH OJCC 
CM— IH 


t> 


o 


00 


N 


OJN 


OJ 


00 


OJ 


O 
CI 


o 

CM 


CO 


■f^N. 


lO 


rH 


-<f 


H 


CO 


>o 


"5 


CM 


COK3CM 


CM 


-31 


•* 


to 


to t-H 


n 


CO 


CM 


TP 


■c 


CO 


-tfiCOCO 


■"Jl 


■* 


"0 


-Ctl 


■^ 


"5 


«5 


"3 


CO CO *o 


T|f 


T>i 


■* 


HH 


■*■"* 


-* 


CO 


lO 


lO 


■* 


■w 


■*IOO 


c» 


CM 


CM 


o 


o 


iH 


t- 


rH 


OJ 00 ^o 


O 


to 


N 


CO 


00 CM 


CM 


N 


o 


■V 


t~ 


CO 


QtOtO 

55 tji -qi 




OJ 

•tn 


CO 




s 


CM 
"3 


■* 


?2 


NlOO) 


•o 


Q 
"0 


HI 


to 


CM-* 
10-* 


OJ 


KO 


«3 


"0 


"5 


l~ 


WON 


-* 


CO 


to 


o 


CO 


to 


CM 


CO 


CM CON 


CM 


o 


rH 


OJ 


"H* CO 


OJ 


o 


CM 


00 


CM 


u-; 


■flioai 


8 


CO 


9 


OJ 


■a 


"5 


■<ctl 


CO 

Tf 


lO ^Ji lO 


OJ 

•* 




Tt< 


o 
•o 


N00 

i-O ^r 


CO 
lO 


3 


■2 


to 


i-O 









>n 






Til 


■* 




^r 






"3 


• ■«< 


>o o 






s 


N-CM 


00 




cr 


N- 


f 


C4 


to "0 00 




cc 


00 




OJ 


-* 




Cl 


N. 




»H 


,'OJ 




o 




■— 


OJ OJ 










CO 


CM 




NH 






i-t 




rA 


(N 




rH 




rH 


rH 


• H 


CO HH 


CM 




CN 


^H rH 


CM 






rH 
















•* 


tr 






CT 


N. 




'CO 


rH OJ 


t- 




9 


N- CO 






c 


OJ 


o 




CM »Ot^ 










OJ 


cr 




to 


C 


CM 




•CO 


O CO 












CO 


CM 


CM 




t^ood 




r» 


00 




N. 


o- 




oo 


or 


00 


I> 


•00 


O 00 


oo 




er 


00 00 


OJ 




cc 


00 


00 




















































g 


















-H 












o 




CO 










to 




t^ TJH H 




K 


CO 




f 






CM 


•o 


CO 


00 


•O 


o o 


o 




c 


OOJ 


OJ 






CM 


t- 


to 


CONN 




CC 


N. 




N. 


~ 




N- 


N 


N- 


N. 


•00 


C«D 00 


00 




cc 


CC l~ 


t^ 




cc 


00 


N. 


g 

3 

ft 
T) 
^ 

S"S a 

C3» fc 

^ (1 


<p.2 

3 3 

ft.2 

CD 

S ° 
S » 

So. 


d 

CD 

3 

n 

n 

GO 

3 
O 


a 

u 


^13 
3 

CD 
+5 

3 

CD 
CD 
U 
CD 

ft 

o 

CM 


3 

d 

CD 

3 

CD 


CD 
U 

3 
■d 

. tD 
St 








% i 
ft ft 

"° -d 
3 3 

g 8 

3 if 


d 
■d 


is 

: 3 

: a 

•-d 

o-> 
! ■*> 

:_c3 

!'^ 

• 3 

• CD 
■> 


g"Scf 

p^ > 

_,+3 o3 
W h h 

3 ■* cd 
03 03 

•h h «r 

o3 X § 
t> Ph 


o3 

M 

-(-J 

'd CD 
. CD HH 

d'S.S 

CD ^« 
<h o3 +J 
03 h 3 

3 is <» 
+3 co > 


c 



c 
a 
> 

t 

s 


! CD 
M 

: 3 

;ft 

al 

33 
to o3 

Fh c3 
3 3 
PhO 


.2-d 

CD 03 

3 3 

CD CD 
O > 
I* „- 

ft3 

3° 


25 percent lentis- 
cus, Bull brand. 

Warranted pure, 
ventilated. 

Guaranteed pure, 
warranted gen- 


CD 

I- 
3 

ft 

■d 

CD 

V 

.3 

|. 

3 3 

o 


















lr 






>(" 


lO 








m 






!>o 




tr 


IT 


>o 




















.— 






c 


o 








o 










c 








.-j 








rr 















a 


OJ 




•OJ 




OJ 






• OJ 




•-■ 


c 




























































































































































Ol 


Cs 








o 




o 






O 




<M 


o 


•CO 




CO 




c 


o 




CI" 


r- 


CM 


o 


U 




■CO 






■d 




x> 


(- 




id 


!>. u 


•d 


: >> 




N 




■c 


-3 CD 

! 3 

: 3 

■ Hj 




!>j t», S 


-3 


ft 


P 





















CC 


ft 




• 03 




cj 








c 




£ 




<1 


< 






< 








? 






$ 


< 




:S 




a 








? 


r5 




























M 




|r^ 














































iS 




: o 




















, 


o 


c 


o d 












c 




o 


c 


d 


d d 


O 




c 


d d 


d 


r 


.E 


o 


d 


-d 


-; 


•d-d 




■C 


■d 




-d 


-c 




— 


+■ 


^ 


■d 


• CD 


•d -d 


■d 




T 


•d"d 


■d 


■c 


*■ 


•d 


— 
























C 


CD 


















C 




























PC 


r? 




1^ 
















Pt 


: 




^ 




i^ 




a 
|Z 

a 

F 
C 

a 

r 








> 








d 
o 




••s 


^-H^ 


"3 


oT 


«a 






& 




, >» 








• CD 










a 
£ 


3 

5 




C 




, CD 


CD 3 CD 


WW 

o w 


•^ : : 
so : : 




s 

r? 


c 


a§ 




3" 

03 

!_; ^ C 

S o-c 


• SP 
!'o 
o> 

•d 


H 

o 


OT3 




CD H •£ 

uof 


pq 

c 
o 


d 
•s 


c 

c 

PC 


CD H 


d 

•d 


M. Rau, 
ork. 

L. Montg 
Co., New 
er & Son 


■8 


rH 

CD 
- 
-rJ 

H 


±>ts>h • ■ 

*"" 'co > • • 

jh 3<o ■ ; 
ta^ : : 

£14 -o o 


o 

T3 


r- 

+3- „ 

Or^ 


onto 

+?o 
3 O 


d 

■d 


> 




^ 


,c 


\» • 






% 


•8 






ph jj ^; 




: >.-<3-s 


X c3 


J2; 


o : : 






!« 


PS 


J 


w 




:« 




H 


: 




O 






< 


o 




:W 


IS HH 


Ph 




< 






PC 


< 


: 


; 




:9 




C 

c 


■ 








p- 




03 

Ph 


e 


: 






4 a r 


cS 
Ph 






: 6 
• o 




•- 

a 




- O 

S 

rS 


i 




















i- 








1 1 

> .s 

03 w 

oa ."5 

3J r-j'd 

CD 3 CD 


CD 

3 
o 

1.1 

|6 












» t 




5 

3 


c 

c 
c 
4< 


c3 
, - 

■ o 

•§a 

: 3 
:/a 


a 
1 

CD 


iC 

c 

a 
1 


; 
23 

ag 




d 
■d 


C 
> 
CC 

c 

c 


c 

s 
1 


Q 


E- 

.£ 

o c 

&i 

CD_ 

""■ a 


• 

u 


d c 

T3 "C 


d d 
-d-d 


d 

a 

o 


F 

c 


I" 3 

|fl§3 

o § S 2 

: Ph'S 


C 
F 

1 

f- 
c 


E- 
.1 

3 > 


c3 
Ph 

jo 

a s 

G.2, 

£ o 

sPh 


i 


h3 


•= 




C 


P 






ft 




O 


t> 






Ph O 


Ph 




•- 


:ph 


P 


2 


a 





OJ OJ OJ OJ 



OOOJ OrHCJ.OOCMCO 

OJO> OOOrHrHH 

rHrH CNIMCMMCOCO 



117 



CN <M (M (M (M 

COCOCO CO cc 



0)0 ^H 



16 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 





Oj, , ^g 


































g « a -a <s .g 
































Cia^fl) h >i 
































































tH,2j * o o 
































Ah ° 
































X 




5 cS 


p 




: i^ 


X 






d 


>> 




ai 








• s* 






b : ; 


CD 




g§ 




: ^ 




: ^w 


N 






& . , 













03 co 


03 






c3 










t*. • o 


fi'i? 
* d 
■^ o 

Is 










ftS 

o 3 

£§ 

go3 


03 -S^S 5 
5 fl § m a) E 


'• E 
o | 

■o +. 
• p 


"3 • «) ft 

O - B 
*2 Z 8*? 

§ d ■« =§ 
-eg. g" 


c 
■t 


3 ! ! 
.2 ■So d 

+j i-O T3 

x£ : 


1! 

•S 3 

d-° 
§ o3 




m B ft a 


: £ 


to : J 


CO 




b : : 


B 




, h 




00 o oc 


»o c 


O O i-l 


l^ 


IDlH I-l 1-t 


«5 




o °« 5o.2 


•M.0HBX. 


CO O i-l 


00 i- 


00 o t-~ 


■* 


t~a> i-i i-i 


i-H 




t~- 00 O 


o ": 


O "3 c-1 




oo*^ r~ "5 


"5 


+3 


■ rt ,d 


■pay; 


h o n 


CN o- 


CN CO CN 


-i 


CNCO CO CO 


-* 




O lO -^ o 


oo er 


O "3 CO 


en 


CO^H T(l TJI 


r^ 




•SIITTIU'BJ 9[q < B[TBAy 


tji t-h os a 


O CC 


O ■* U5 




•* CJ5 CO CC 


>o 


CD 
& 




CO CO CN CN 


CO c 


CO CO CN 


CO 


COCN CN CN 






o» t~ o c 


CN CT 


tji tJ< o 


t~ 


rtV il t~ 


a> 


■sujuitbi-uojj 


OO OJ o c 


ai b- 


t~ 00 O 


00 


00CTS C7J 00 


ex. 


a 


















00 t^ ** CN 


Oi CC 


CO »o CO 


C35 


«5i-l t~ <M 


CO 


+3 

a 


•q-OBi^xa ojqniosni 


i*1 CO lO "<J 


•"Jl Tf 


IO TJH IO 


CO 


•di rji CO CO 


CO 




00 CN t}i CN 


O OC 


^ ca cc 




I- "O »0 iH 


CO 





•yoviixQ aiqrqog 


















io -q 












co as oo tj 


Oi "^ 


t~ -^ C35 


"3 


CNCO CN CO 


CN 


•q.o'Bijxa I'B^ox 


CO N v c 


tc cr 




CO 


i^CN CD 00 


C3 


"o3 






O 1 
























1 


•pires 


"3 CO lO »^ 


CO CC 


00 b- CO 


IO 


i-HC T)i TJ1 


CO 




















CO O 00 CC 










CD 


. -qsy 


b- 00 00 oc 


00 oc 


O t^- t~ 


t^ 


t>- C7i 00 00 


t~ 




t- CN CC C 


"<c* CT 






ON 00 CO 






■ajrusiopj 






CO t-H CO 


CN 


asco ■* o 


o> 






t~- oo t- t> 


00 t^ 


t^ 00 (^ 


oo 


t-- 1^- W 00 


tr- 


>> 
as 

O tH 


° oi"S g "C 0J 

~ ft J ^ ft . 

73 -t- 3 C CD C ^ CD 
£ C CD CD g ffi-g 

Rg^d^ 

2 2gggS= 

£ fta> o ffi £ 


a -g ft: 2 ft^ft 

"O B > 'gct) (J Sc CD 
CD CD BS Oj h ; COW 

d °co- . ^dS >C^ 
o3 S 3 ^ 5PS o3 u g o3-M 

03 SSK^CSSXojS 


si 
M 

gg 
B S 

gg 

3 CD 

o 


: 8s S 1 B 

:ftlft|ft 

. ,^ 4J t3 +^ 'CJ 
■^ d CD d CD 
■ft CD CD CD CD 

:b^£>-S 

O g g 03 g 03 

; 03 x S x 3 


ft^ 

CD d 

CD CD 

§ X 

o 








IO 




IO 


115 i • >C 


IO 






o • o c 


o 




o 


o • • o 


o 












en 


CTJ • • CTJ 




















a 




00 CN C- 


CN~ 


io CO CN 


CO 


CN • .CO 


00 




03 


<N o 


c 






rt O O 




1 
o 

a 

o 


ft 


s ^ s > 


CD 'C 

■-I 


03 S 03 

a 5 s 


CD 

d 

3 
He, 


. "O 13 cd 

& ■ d 

I! i 1 


03 














: : : H, 




=3 




o doc 


o c 


do o 


d d 


O o o !* 


O 


<_> 


ft 


4^ n3 'O Ti 


■O "C 


'O T3 "O 


-OT3 


TD T3 ^ ^ 


■e 




















ft : : 








: : : Jz; 






cd 


°<J » d o 


R O 


B «3 i r 

to coB ° 

o o =<j 


CD CO 

|B 
^o r 

03O 


• ffi • o o 

; a BO O 
. R o K. bi 






.1 

CO 

d 

O 
O 


(5 6 . .S 5j 

feT! -g « a R 

o£ ft2*° c 

c'e-SPo •O'C 

rl2«B«iB 


ifo 


5 " 5 §d 
a |II«B 


• +^ O .2 .« T] * 




Bffl 
o ^ 

^ d ^ 
■ri c 


j| .d^dftSft^o 






I? <| o 


o 


:? <i <i 








1 g : p 


03 = 

ft E 
J £ 

^ Ph 

6°3 ._ 
13 o| 


°a ..§ o~ 

o S fl 


o 

6 


: A 2 : 

;B c : 

: «? ^ : 

• d 03 

ll .S ! 

.sop 
PS d >• o 

■8 5 S °S "O 
; as cd co 






O 

a 
o 
o 


I ■ * i 1 

1 ■ £§ 1 < 


'ho cS " ,►. 

03 ft ._•> W o 

° -9 -1 

0+3 <-S 


o3 
ft 

d 






« ™ii * 


^^3BSP rr-B m ® 
ft"®^ ft™ ft 


tH 

B 


O 






B* ft B £ 


O DQ 


OB B 


B 


:b ft : 






■oj^ JLioivioqwj 


h- 00 C7S C 




co -^ *o 


?e 


t^ 00 CT3 Q 

tji Tt tii u5 


>o 








CO 


CO 


CC 


CO 


CO CO 


CO 


co a- 




c 




CO C" 


CO CO 


CO 



117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 



17 



a o « 



6 O 



O p: 



S O 



►3 02 h1 02 

















, 










■ . 






, 












!-H 




















s 










• 3 






3 














3 


















3 










: 3 






3 












IS 


3 
















,U 










:,a 






,Q 












,0 


















cd 










• cd 






o3 




















n m - 0. 
















>> 








fc*> 










>> 




-j 3 3 












m 




"2 


• 




! CO 




c 




c 










« -a 




03 O O 












3 




t 










c 


3 


o 








• 33c 


3 O 


o 




o 


o 


O 


© o 


o 


£■? 


T 


o 
; 


O 


o_co 


3 

— 


c 




3 
cu 


*2 ° 
3 oj 


O 

-a 


O O 


..do. 
entisc 
amou 
umac 

entisc 
dant. 
umac 




ffl 03 












Hi 




'J. 






; h! 




DC 


h! 


CO 








:p v. 


Hi 03 


iH 


O 00 


HO 


CO 


00 


COO 


00 


CO 




CN 


CM 


"9< 


■^os 




Tt 


"3 


-* 








"^CO CO 00 t^ 


r~ 


t> cn 


© 


i> 


t~ 


r- 00 


CO 


OS 




or 


CO 


CO 


^Cs 






CN 


00 






















































t~ 


00 CM 


CN 


"* 


00 


00 00 


CO 


r- 




cc 


o 


00 


00 ■* 




oo 


1> 


CO 








Tjir^ t~ *o -^> 


CO 


1"H CO 


rt 


CM 


rt 


rtrt 


CM 


CO 







CN, 


"- 1 


i-HCO 






CO 


CN 










l-H i-H l-H "* t- 





CO 


CO 


CO 


t^ 


— 


m 


CNiO 


CO 


■^ 


o 


-* 


o 


OOI^ 


o 


CO 


00 


1-1 


00 OS 


co "c(i 


CN 


l-H 


CO 


c 

CI 


Cl 
CO 


CI 


CO 


CC 


CO 

CC 


■^T i-H 

COCO 


c 

CO 


CN - 


CK 
CN 


CO 
CO 


CO 


O OS 
CO CI 


CO 


CI 


CO 


CO 


CO OS 
CO CN 


-HO 

CC CC 


CO 


«5 

CI 


■rf 

CO 


r^ 


cn 


o 


OS 


^1 


CO 


T-100 


CO 


CO 


o 


CN 


OS 


l-H CO 


00 


OS 


•* 


lO 


■*co 


l^t- 


CN 


o 


o 


o 


CO 


co 


CO 


1- 


CC 


l^GO 


OS 


— 


s 


OS 


OS 


ooo 

CN rt 


O! 


00 


OS 


CO 


f-00 


00 00 


a 


o 

Cl 


OS 


lO 


CO 


CO 


■* 


«5 


CI 


■*t<OS 


CO 


-H 


r* 


© 


r~ 


w -3* 


OS 


»o 


■* 


CO 


coo: 


oo r~ 


o 


t~ 


l-H 


Til 


CO 


CO 


■* 


CO 


•* 


"*CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^p 


CO 


TCO 


CO 


CO 


lO 


CO 


1"# 


■^ CO 


CO 


CO 


>C5 


o 


00 


CO 


CO 


■^ 


l-H 


COCO 


CN 


t~ 


m 


CO 


OS 


OSO 


oo 


CN 


CN 


CO 


CNC1 


O i-H 


^1 


(H 


CO 


5 


s 


■fl 


o 


00 


s 


i-l o 
ICIO 


o 


CO 


00 


CN 


5? 


O 00 


s 


CO 


•o 


1^ 


i-cOO 

>o-* 


OOS 
UC ** 


o 
>o 


U3 


CO 
lO 


lO 


»H 


OS 


o 


OS 


CO 


t~CN 


oo 


oo 


CO 


CO 


CO 


o^r 


t~ 


t-^ 


CO 


OS 


00 i-H 


CO X 


•* 


00 


^> 






CO 

TJ1 


£5 


lO 




IO-C" 
lOlO 


CO 




■c 


CO 


1*< 

«5 


lO-H 

ira«o 


U3 


OS 


CC 
uc 


s 


»o CO 


^"CN 


C3 
u5 


OS 

-r 


00 


CI 
CO 


CO 


CI 


t^ 


3 


Cl 


CO OS. 
CO *C> 


"5 


CI 
OS 


CC 
00 


■* 

-* 


•o 

CN 


i-H OS 
•WCD 


Tt> 


CO 


cs 
■13 


5 


COO 

l-l© 


00 TP 


CO 


OS 

CN 


00 
CN 


■w 


9 


c 


o 


o 
© 


po 


COCO 

»o»i5 


CO 


00 


CO 
CN 


OS 

o 


CN 

o 


O Cl 
OCN 


00 
CO 


CO 


o 

OS 


S3 


© "^ 
>oo 


CN© 
©CM. 


OS 
CN 


1^ 


.© 


t- 


00 


os 


oo 


OS 


00 


t~oo 


OS 


t~ 


OS 


00 


OS 


OS 00 


00 


t-: 


00 


00 


t~C3S 


00 00 


00 


t~ 


t^ 


10. 

os 


o 


CC 

© 


CO 


© 


T 


00 r^ 


00 


CO 


lO 
CO 


CO 
OS 


00 


ooo 


o 


CO 
CO 


CN 


TJ1 

o 


00 t^ 


t^oo 
t^ © 


OS 

"C* 


OS 


o 

CN 


i^ 


co 


00 


t^ 


1^ 


~ 


t^oo 


t~ 


«> 


f~ 


t^ 


t^ 


t~b» 


t~ 


r~ 


l~ 


00 


00 i~ 


1^ 00 


00 


1- 


00 



ft . ; 


ft 


? S ■ ft 
> 3 . M 


® 5 ' 


cp 


extra 
d. 

anted 
cent p 



anteed 


§2 © 


3 


tH 3^ 

3 > • 


H 

c3 

3 


Pure 
latt 

Wan 
per 

Guar 


o : 


o 



^ o 



»g§fl 



S 3 3 C 



S 2"! 

3 3 cS 

ft Per 



p. 3 s 



ffl CD $ 

S S * 

Fh i- _■ 

3 3 CD 



': S » £ 

3 -h h 

2 °3 3 

: ft s p, 

CD ?Z 



:« ^ 3 

O tS 03 (^ 
; c5 X o3 



cs g-d 

3 ~CD 

^2-S 

"S 333 

3 &+j 

CD ^d 
CD 13 S 
tn co > 

&Is 

O CCJ^> 



SO Wt> IC lO lO »o IC lO 

o o o o o o oo 

OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS 



oo oo 

OS OS OS OS 



rHOO H00 



3 -V S 



H3 CD CD 'd 



3 3 

HjK, 



>st>s 

cs-g 



■< a 



pq 



d fill ^^ 

m~Bm >s-S~-^ 5 fii^ 1 

^Ot CD ft3 {H O O t> 

H3^^>HB^g>H „ .H^g iW 

. fi • -SH,:- . ^^-2 - - 

^1 CD H> as _ . _th Pej m 



• Hi! 

: so ? 



n CD 
° ^ 

fc< CD 



c; 



,p •pHs^H .c^ tH '^ • _0°o 
< JCD H ScD, / ;^J&S|CDCDOpH6'd|J^ ,, 

*K .^«;ft .^-g^ c5 C-a : 
fi o o o j ph :p : 



ft |>s|B 

<i M ■< 



o 

^ o 

3 0,t: ! 



■ 1? 

• w . ~ 

ch t, o 
1 O03 






r obi -^ cd A 
o ^ g So 

.3 fcil7 CD CtJO 

« O^gnl m 



6~ ft "S d "^ J 
o goo -2 

. M bB & i^M 3 ^ 

?H+S5J0lHO> 



" "C cj c M ^ s. 

2 • ^ K 






-• P= kh ^^ 3h3o-S e © n-S o . ^■•"Hjjs: : : 

o hi <j M <; :h! :<j ^ o hi 



g2sl alls 

03 |b 03 O C 



SbS : 



CD O 

"cl-O 

ft : 



lO lO O »C lO lO 



5 * m 

Hdgg.|g| 

o3 £ o3 <£ CD « 2 
Q H«3 cS 3 cS J3 

.5 ftgfts 

O ft HI P 
) CO C7 CO "iP lO 



33 C 






■a 



^ ° 3 o a ■■= 

ss§a| .s 

■S >H > (H £ H-> 

»S °3« 2 ft 

d ft ta w 



to . CL» 

"3 i-S 



■as ; c 

SS : o 

O^ffl O 3 

2 ■« 



COHp io © 



ft : 

■« 3 

cS^ 

"3SS 
Q i2^ 



3 6 
3 b 



CO COCO CO CO CO CO 



S OS OS OS OS OS OS 
3 CO CO CO CO CO CO 



18 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



O 



CQ 







M 


3 




3 


3 
o 




3 




o o 


o 


o o 


o 


O 




<b 5 2 os-a-a 


a 


- 




3 


a 


o3 

6 


3 


cS 

Ej 


flfi 


fi 


fifi 


Pfi 




03 


3 
02 


A 


i-l 


3 

co 


CD 
Hi 


3 
CQ 












X 








3 
3 
















a 

CD 




"3 g 


,Q 






rQ 










































CD 




" 2 

og 




>> 




"9 


8 >> 

'■S "3 : 






. 3 


>?3 

3 03 




3 


O 

o 


6 
■a 


3 


o 


3 c 

-2 t 


o 






°Sci 

o-d 3 




1* 


g 

3 




Ej 

3 


B E 


■d 


T3T3 


■c 


IS 


a't-2 

3 S^ 




§ 


h! 


X 




h1 


CO 


02 a 


. 






.02 


0QO 




■ ^ 




CN 


c 


CN 


IM 


o 


t^ CO <N 


■*o> 


to 


00TO 


00 "5 




o a ft e 3 
o°»h So.2 


■AVOIPJL 


£J 


"3 


t~ 


Tf 


00 


O) l> iC 


CO^I 


to 


■*Oi 


00 lO 






1- 


»ra 


00 


U5 


t> I> oc 


OOTO 




1C3TO 


t~t^ 


+3" 




•paH 


■* 




- 1 


■* 




co ci rA 


rfrt 


1-t 


rfTO 


(NH 




lO 


<M 


IM 


o 


to 


CO t-H CO 


lO-* 


TO 


(MOO 


tO(M 


o 


•suiurre:). eiq^ireAy 






CN 


id 


CM 


t^ t-H ^ 


CMCN 


IN 


TO0Q 
TOCM 


0>rt 






CN 




CO 
















to 


oc 




■* 


00 


Tji iO CD 


oo 




CDN 


i-ICM 


•simnre^-noj^ 










00 


o o a 


oc 


c 


00 OS 


OOJ 


3 
p 

o3 


























r~ 


to 




0= 


00 


O OS CO 


lO^H 


c 


COCM 


>OrH 


■ jouiipra aiqniosui 


(M 


C 


M< 


CI 


TO 


(N CO CO 


TOTO 


CO 


TOTO 


CO^ 






c 


TO 


■* 


•* 


O CO OS 


lO Ttl 


f- 


00 "5 


t>TT 


I 


■%ovj.%xs ajqnjog 


to 
-5* 


!? 


>o 




>o 


00 r-t CO 

•^ iO iC 




(M 

•o 


S^ 


CT.O 




00 


cc 


-* 


TO 


IM 


OS io c< 


o>o 


t- 


t^t^ 


CNU5 


o 


•^0BJ^X8 i^jox 


00 

■"Jl 


cc 


>ra 

>ra 






© *o t> 
35 »o »c 


to *o 


ta 


lOlO 


TO-* 

ic5>o 
















ooc 


m 


-* TO 


>raco 


•pn^s 


o 


»r 


o 


o 


TO 


CO o CO 










a 








































IOC 


CM 


NOl 


to o> 


o 




Tp 


a 


■* 


C6 


25 


f IN CC 






t~00 




•qsy 


f~ 


t> 


oc 


o 


00 


ir- t- i> 


t^ to 


t> 


t~CO 


00 to 












lO O CT 


ooo 


-1 


o-<ji 


,-nra 




■9jnisioH 


o 


OJ co 


t~ 


o 




1" oc 


i-l oc 










00 


r- 


t~ 


t~ 


00 


t^ i> i> 


001^ 


[- 


00 t^ 


1^00 




!>> 


2 




t£ 


0ST3 


b 2 








' 03 JL, 


• P 




PIS 

aft 
a^ 

5 $p 


3 
P. 








o3 3 






• 3 a> 

: ft> 


fcl 3 

p< 

•d-d 

CD CD 

~ « 3! 
"O cS 03 . 
CD h h"M 
-H! ^h t-i 03 
o3 o3 cS 03 




•d 

CD 

"3 

n 
o3 


a 


+3+= , 

S»g,s 


3 o^T 

™ . CD 

f-i f~* r, 
ccj ftg 


55 Q3 QJ 2? >>«t- 

O Hi P- 




I 

c 


• CD +3 
■ CD ^3 

'•3^ 




.3 




O 


p- 


HH 


CM 


i- 1 


.a 


p- 


:es 



Sin 



^H O 



o 



5 o 



•S^O 3 3 _ 

-g J>H ^ +i O Pn _ 60 
Q,.BcoC2 ^j oij 



h o 



3 O 



3>h 

CD > 

J 03 

pi 6 



a Sd 
> 
■w 



ooo . :| o3 . ,§ 
o3 3§ ;p5 .<«•-§ :« 

g co 3-dS O g d 3dS O 



: s-« 

■3 n 
CD O 



SgZ 

O 3 • • 
oj^j . 3 
OS o3£ G 

Ph q 



: o 



o . 
3 o 

as 



•a a 



°Ph 



pq 

gos 



:°a 



:« ; 



. © o. 



n 



33 § 

? ° B 
Geo "3 

3 .Ph 
&Ph 



•on ^lOiTSioqvj 



oo c3s Oi-h cm TO-th »raco 



117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1905. 



19 









IN 


t- 


to 


irf 


S 


CO 


t- 


•o 


to 


rt 


•J 


CO 


00 


*H 


Cft 


CO 


CD 


id 


■H 


to 


00 


O 
<N 


CI 
C-l 


S 


CO 


CM 


00 


CO 


■J 


Tli 


o> 


t» 


r» 


s 


■* 


o5 

CO 


CN 


ca 


U5 


in 


3 


9 


05 
O 


to 


C5 


r-f 




t-H 


7* 


to 




t~ 


""* 


o 




o 

00 


3? 

o 



as? 



".3 



"3 js 



*2g.g 



Bfl? 

S §-3 



2"S i 9 

fl 53 ® tn 






2^ 






tJH GOt>- 00 OOcO 
OS CN "^ HNO 



iH(NO0 i-iiOQ0 HCSO) 



0OrH<© OSi-f* C0COCO 

CO ITS 0> HlOh^ ©WOl 
C^lCCrH COCOON NWH 






00 w5rH 



HO)H 

CO Oco" 



§a- 



Us, 



N 



►> 03.S m > cS.H a> b> c3.53 

g^aa^aa^aa 



117 



20 COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



INVESTIGATION OF 1907. 

During 1905 and 1906 there was so much agitation of the question 
of sumac adulteration in the leather trade journals, and buyers had 
to become so well informed on the question, that it was thought 
advisable again to collect and examine samples. This was done in 
the spring of 1907, exactly as before, the samples being secured from 
all incoming consignments for a time before they passed into the 
hands of the consignee. The results of the examination of these 
samples are given in Table III, page 22. 

DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA. 

Seventy-five per cent of the 53 samples examined were pure sumac 
or contained but traces of other material such as may have been 
present accidentally. The pure samples contained from 25.6 to 
35.7 per cent and averaged 30.6 per cent of tannin, or 1.3 per cent 
lower than the 1905 samples. Microscopical examination showed 
that 25 per cent of the samples examined were adulterated with 
lentiscus, while one sample was pure lentiscus and another was Turkish 
sumac. The adulterated samples contained from 22.4 to 30.4 per 
cent and averaged 26.3 per cent of tannin or 0.3 per cent lower than 
the 1905 samples. These facts indicate that while adulteration is 
not so generally practiced as in 1905, individual shipments are 
apparently adulterated to about the same extent. 

The lowest tannin content of all the samples was 22.4 per cent, the 
highest 35.7 per cent, and the average 29.4 per cent, the latter figure 
being practically identical with the average tannin content of the 
1905 samples. Color tests were made on but few extracts, which 
indicated a somewhat higher average color in the pure 1907 samples 
than in the pure 1905 samples. Only 3 of the 13 samples which 
were found to be adulterated were labeled to that effect. The other 
samples were either labeled pure sumac or marked so as to give the 
impression that they were pure Sicilian sumac. 

These results indicate that from 1905 to 1907 there was a decrease 
of about 16 per cent in the importation of adulterated shipments of 
sumac, but that those shipments which were sophisticated had been 
adulterated with practically the same percentage of lentiscus as 
formerly. The practice of labeling adulterated shipments "pure 
sumac" or " warranted 100 per cent pure sumac" appears to be as 
general as formerly, so that it is still absolutely necessary for a buyer 
who would be sure that he is purchasing a pure, high-grade sumac to 
have it examined. 

117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1907. 21 

COMMENTS BY IMPORTERS. 

A copy of each analysis was sent to the consignee in all cases, but 
in some instances they were returned marked "Not found" and 
these firms could not be located. In a few cases the consignees made 
some comments, the most important of which are quoted below: 

Your laboratory No. 198 a represents an importation of sumac with 25 per cent 

lentiscus, especially so ordered and imported for a New York firm with their knowledge 

that it was so admixed and was known in the trade as No. 2 goods. Laboratory No. 

156, & showing an abundance of lentiscus * * * [is] the same as lot No. 198 * * * 

[and] has been imported with the condition of second quality, i. e., to contain 25 per 

cent lentiscus. 

Leber & Son. 

Leber & Son again stated on February 20, 1908, that the lot from 
which sample No. 151 1° was taken was imported mixed with lentiscus 
on the order of the purchaser. 

Analysis of Nos. 124 to 128 * * * agree very closely with our own determina- 
tions. * * * 

J. S. Young & Co., Ltd. 
By Charles R. Delaney, Chemist. 

a There were 280 bags m this invoice. 
b There were 140 bags in this invoice. 
c There were 70 bags in this invoice. 
117 



22 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



OQ 



o X 



1 










3 




H 3 






























^ m 
















33 
































1 


.So 

ft'£ 
O o3 


>> 


"o 


rH 3 
















cs.2 






S ° 


3 


o 
3 
c3 


3 ^-g 


go 














S;«B 






ss 


o 


^.O 














^00 








a O "d 3 o o * 

o3Q 3 O 03 03 2 

s 3-2 a a 2 


.-,oo 

lift 

3 




o 


o o 


o 


o 


oyo 


O 




3S 


ft 


fi 


fiO 


fi 


ft ft 


03 « 03 

a§a 

3t3 3 


ft 






CO 


<; 


02 CB 


CO 














CO CO 






OS'S 












• O 


o-* 


lO 


o 


OIO 


o 




00 


O 


O 




H.3 g 3 


•avoipa 












n-lO 




o 


■* o 


00 






























IN 




















O 


OO 


00 


t^ 


OO 


00 




o 


CO 


O 


a 
o 


OOP. 


•P3H 










CO 


COIN 


IN 


N 


COIN 


•^1 




tN 


• IN 


IN 












-»*< O 






























•* 


















■niuxrei aiq^reAV 


^ CJ CNCO CM 




CO 




t-C 
















S 

03 






C4 


CO (M 


IN 


ca 


IN CO 


ca 




CO 


CN CO 


CO 


































>o 








t~l-H 












•sniira'BinON 


^ CJ CM i-H IN 




o 


OO 






OO 


OS 




o 


OJ Ol 
























































o 


•jobj^xs aiqrqosui 


S» ,JCN "O O 

Qi u co'co' co 






lOH 


cq 


CO 


0103 


00 




«5 


IN OJ 





H 








COCO 


CO 




CO Ol 










CO 








r- 








Tt< O 






CO 


CO ^-1 
































o 


•%o>enxa aiqnjog 






















•o . ■* 






~ cj ti< ir 


-* 






lO"3< 


f 










IO 


■* IO 
















































>oto 








CO -^i 






•jOBj^xa jb^ox 


^sgg § 






■*^-i 








t~ 


















lOlO 


>- 


T 


IOIO 






U0 




•0 






is a 


u ^ 03 
3 ■ <D S 

3 3 a 2 




d 


• - r 


SB'S 

\- 3 

- 3 

= - 
ra M 

3 


• »' £ 

o3 s t; 
Mag 
Sftft 

3 OJ g 


c 


O i o 




s 




4= 0, 

OS 

a ft 


. 3 +3 

■s ft fi 

3 cc 

cd +i 
3 CD R 


a 


^S 




'3 


as ^ 


si s .a 

t-l B ^H 

a a - 

,d is 

fj 01 o> 


3 
ft 

fl 

cp 2 • 

3 5* 

^ga 

^^3 






S1& 


n >>> ft 

« ftO !h g 

aoffi x 3 


ft> 

c3 03 
— — 


a >■ 


— 

c a 
H (0 


ftfl n >> M 

ri o3 QJr3 
§ ol & -2 g 
H 30CO ^ 


U C0 S 3 03 

V, „ ftO !-. 

ftgtN+J * 


»C 
u 03 o3 






££ S 


3 W 


WW 


w 


02 


OS 


ft 


ft ^ 


^ ^ 


1* 


























t^ ! 


























o 










Ol 




















o> ■ 
































































CD 






















o> 






^ 


os 


c 


o 


O O 


o o 


o 


O 


o o 






O 


CT O 


O 


A 


*•* 


d 


t3 -O 


is -a 


■d 


d 


dd 




[- 


d 


u * 


T3 


cS 




ft 


















ft 


o3 




OQ 




< 


















< 




a : 




O 

a 






























































,M 


• 














JW 






» 
































































o 
o 


ccj 


^c 


o 


O O 


o o 


o 


o 




^ 


c 


O 


,-s" 


O 


ft 


** 


13 


■O d 


■o-d 


T3 


d 


■d-S 


^ 


TT 


d 


•d -M 


d 






0) 














■ o 


cl) 















!zi 














:m 


^ 






: ffi 








M 

oil 
It 

°3g 


M 

u 

o 

>* 


"3 ! 

d : 

ea 

S3 J4 

XI <-< 


0>H 






: H 

o 

!+" 

: o 

:« 




C 
O 


: 

o 


■a 1 

>H O 

5 § 


6 


«3 




.1 

01 

a 
o 
o 




o fc 

=3 £ 


te © 






: 6 

• o 

:«3 




c 
o 
«3 




d o" 
O O 
°3 °3 


CD 

a 


to 






3 


3 3 


3 






• c 




3 




t>> 09 


3 




■s-3 

Wo 


co 
=3 

0) 

a> 

W 


1 5 

ft M 

< i-i 


rt=3 


o 
-d 


d 

d 


< CO 

H 


O 

d 


5 

< 


3 
03 

w 


3 O 
3 O 

,* a 

«2 W 

6 ^ 


O 

aa 



■^ 

M O 
•ffl 








o 




o 




























a 




a 


■a 






: o 








• 












































































o3 




cj 








"$& 




















ft 




ft 


;ft 






'. o3 
;ft 






d 


^, 






o 




s 


O 
O 




O 

O 


:§a 






• 3 






a 






a 
o 




0) 


=3 
d 

3 




=3 
-d 

a 


a=3 

E-h.S 






• o3 

• 3 






"3 

ft 


S "3 

03 ft 
ft 
^ O 






o 


,3 3 


M 

u 


3 M 


o u 

3 03 






«2 

> 03 

1^ 


g 




3 
O 


6 § 








o o 

3 3 

3 3 


d 

05 


o "O 
a » 


•3"° 

a® 

o^ 


o 
d 


O 

d 


o 
3 

3 


o 
d 


"ol 

w 


O 
« 

■3 ^ 


O 
d 






PE> 


O 


t> d 


So 






£o 


& 




m 


h= ft 






•ojvj; SiO'XVioq'B'j 


cs 

o 


o 


lO 


■M 


CO 






o 


to 




00 o> 
io>o 


o 

IN 


■o 




CO ■* 
CM IN 

IO >o 


U0 
CN 
•O 



117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1907. 



23 





S 03 o s 




h WTO M 








with 

3CUS. 

sed la 
scus, 
f any 
nt. 
only. 






o o 




PP 





gs 6 



1 




d 


.§8 


§ S 






03 

!>• 


■a as 

03 q 


•g° s S , a 

P 03 9 O . 


a 


■r 


n 1 -" 




O c 5 






ooo 


mac 

pnti 

mac 

Do 


Q <s 2 


_ 




c o3 M 


3 oj 




, u 3 


s^-n 


W 




E-iaj 


m 


03 03 



p p 



£§ 



Eg 



■a"" 3 

S H 

O 03 

o o ] 

o3 c3 ; 

8 8 

mm 



rH iH lO 



CO CM CO CM 



t~CO 
NO 



CO to CM 



oo»o o en 

•3*00 -^ CM 

■^ CO O 00 

en i-i oo en 



CM oooo 

i-l CM00 

00 coco 



«3CM 

cm —I 



T3 03 



Ptfl 

03 

•a ° 



~ 53. 



g ft 3 l 



C 3 03 

Z~ w u 

03 X 03 

£ 03 3 



£ 03 ft 



wc^c 



85 



t*>03 



ft S' 



Sft 



,tj bJOh 3 ra ' X 



c 8 fe ! 

, 03 M »*■ i_ 

ffifi» u ,^-ftd 
£ ^ Ph 



+3 * 3 03 3 g 



a •" ^ .-. 

a o is 



3 
03 


• » M 3 -3X3 ^ 

• ft(D o 03 C 2 


c3 


pure... 
nted 100 

pure, 1] 
ity mas 

ventiiat 
m grou 
plus ult 


H 


►, 


+j 


S C 


S2c 52 SS « 




+5 E 5 s 0+3.12 o 


cr;3 


X o3 o OK X « fl 




Hjg: W 



«s a s 



03 o 

£p3 



43 c3 

-+§ & 

S « - 

£© .3 
«S fl o3 

• h? m i_: 



J * 

1!! 03 

o b * 

>l 03 

! J? -8 

Z. a >> 

3 ° 2 

S ^e§ 



i-5 ""^ 









^d 


°3 j> 


^«3 




of.S 


"03 


O 03 


W «8 


»ft 


O 03 


'a 5 


• 03 




<!P 


Ph-< 



w 


O 


ton., 
mery 

o., Ne 


=8 


ffl 


4d 
O 




O 
■8 

a 


au, Bos 
Montgo 
n. 
tch&C 


03 t; 


03 


K ,SB 



b w 





>H 03 


8 * 


*£ 




60 J3 


^ M 




o O 


3 O 


Sn .ti 


*Sc 


o a o 


Ph o 






^ §, 2| 


^'o 


^•cp §m 


L-w 


^ S 


K^ 



S S3 



S o p 



Ph 3 
^^ 

-as 

.8 b 
85 

si 



8 ■§ 



P > 
6 1 



G O 









>o io o ^o 



117 



<^ CD CD 



CD t^ 00 CO 
CD CO CD CC 



i-H CN <N 



24 



COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 



CQ 





03 a 
So 
P/.3 

q 03 

8 R 
°'a 

Ih c 
03 aj 




03 

o3 

a 

3 
O 

R >> 

d 

m 3 o C 
•- S 03 p 

3 3 £ 
03 •« 3 
J CO 


P 


"C 

p 
o; 

6 c 

£ 


cus. 

Sumac only. 

Sumac with abun- 
dance of lentiscus. 

Sumac only. 
Do. 


c 
a 

o: 

j- 
+. 

c 

1 

v. 


I 

• i 

3 g 
o 

'■§ « 
g E 

— ' 3 
CC 


lentiscus. 
Sumac with abun- 
dance of lentiscus. 
Do. 




a 
_o 
'-£> 

o3 

a 

eg 
03 

"3 

o 

a- 

03 

J3 

o 


O S 03 m 
O Oft 


•moipa 






























•P3H 






























•niutiBi ajquirBAV 






























•suiuu^uo^ 


fee 




























•%ovi%'x.a aiqniosui 






























•lO'BJ^xa a[qnjog 


fee 




























•jOBjjxa rujox 


fee 

0*8 




























Statement on bags 
as to purity. 


03 H 03 

£ o 5 . 
£ ."2 »§ 

3 fin gS 

8.2 3£?« m 

p,R oj 3 ft.o'c 

O > 3 Co CO 

S ft s - 


Sti S> SsA 'so >>' 03 .i 

M g 3 ftSg :§.S sS Stfg 

p=5 — cd 3 *J 03 S 5/° ^oba 
.ScU'g ^|R 3ft§ °^ g§Sft 

^gsfo^ft^ §§a § 8~g^ 
c' s § % § § §• a. a R^ S g ■§ I s, ^ g « s-^ 

.SKil* m cio crcs. o o ft™ .5 ? -^ o R t< h 

ft ^ ^ fcjz; ft 2 g 




ft 

a 

o3 

CQ 

O 

d 
o 
'■£ 
o 

"o 

u 


03 




o 
en 

r*T 

1-1 c 

03 TC 

3 

3 


c 


c 


c 
— 


c 


c 


c 


C 


c 


c 


o 

«3 - 

c 

03 "C 

3 

3 




03 
03 

03 

ft 


o 

* g 

03 C 

Z PC 


a 
2 


c 




— 


p 
c 

c 

PC 


c 


M 
C 
> 


c 
- 


c 
■c 


c 


C 


C 

•c 




a)' 

a 

a 

M 

a 
o 
o 


® ° o 

z ° £ 

.- "3 £ 

O 03 

03 a o 

._ o u 
o £P °8 

3 3 3 

rt o 1 - 1 r> "c 

>H .ft* 

ft ? <5 


c 
— 


6 

O p 

c 
■3 v 

>> PC 

03 

a = 

o <- 

3 p 
° 'a 

Sc 

^ < 


M 
C 
>- 

a 

!2 

c 

a 

h5 


is 
- 


c 

> 

PC 

¥- 

a 

1 


! 

!? 

c 

.£ 

a 
£ 

< 


1 

o 

6 
o 
■8 

O 

' ^ c 

CO ^ 

6 




o 
a 
w> 
'53 

§ 


c 

c 
c 


C 

E 
t- 

A- 

«e 

z 
e 
c 


P 

P 

p 


c 


c 
— 


c 

E 
f- 
a 

PL 
# 

a 
P 

C 


c 
E 
| 

7- 

P- 
a 

c 

t 

- 

OC 


o 

a 

_03 
"3 
ft 

.-c 

o ^ 
K> a 

2^ 

3^ 
^P 

03 C 

T3 t 

£~< 
dec 


1 
c 

1 


c 
£ 





pu 

a 
p 
c 
c 

1 

cc 


c 

I 

1— 


c 






•ojvj ^ao^'Baoq^'j 


oc 
o- 

<3 
CN 


c 


c 
c 

CM 


5 
c 

CM 


CQ 
O 




c 

(M 




c 
c 


c 

CN 


c 


or 
c 

CN 


is 

c 





.117 



INVESTIGATION OF 1907. 



25 



3 0..E 



•O O <N 



3 -a ■ 

■oyaE 
oMs3 

* S.S S 

03 *-< H .-2 






Og,3§ 

2 Sf S c 

S > cS.S 






■Sfl 

eg Is 



117 



DETECTION OF ADULTERATION. 

NOTES ON THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF SICILIAN 
SUMAC AND ITS ADULTERANTS. 

By B. J. Howard, Chief, Microchemical Laboratory. 

The differentiation of pure and adulterated sumac by means of 
the microscope is not at all a new procedure, but it does not appear 
to be generally employed by the trade in this country. The work 
done in this laboratory indicates that this is a convenient and quick 
method of identifying certain of the common adulterants in Italian 
sumac leaves, and that in the detection of the most common adulter- 
ant, Pistacia lentiscus, no great experience is necessary to obtain 
reliable results. The examinations here reported include only com- 
mercial samples, most of which were in a powdered form, and hence 
no studies of sections were made. The investigations have been in 
progress since 1903. The paper by Priestman a will be found very 
useful to beginners along this line, but the technique of the method 
as there described seems to leave something to be desired in the way 
of simplification. As will be shown, the technique adopted in this 
laboratory is quite different, and, it is believed, has some advantages 
over Priestman's. 

APPARATUS AND REAGENTS. 

The most important apparatus required is a good compound micro- 
scope giving a range of magnification of from about 75 to 200 diame- 
ters. Magnifications of 90 and 180 were actually used in the work 
here reported, but if approximately these powers are used, giving 
good definition, no trouble should be experienced. The instrument 
should have fine and coarse adjustments and a substage condenser 
with iris diaphragm. A mechanical stage with wide range of move- 
ment (about 2.5 cm or more) will be found very convenient, though 
it is not really necessary. 

Microscope slides 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 inches) and cover-glasses, 
round or square, are required, round covers of 0.75 inch diameter and 
from 0.17 to 0.25 mm in thickness, listed by some dealers in micro- 
scopical apparatus as No 2, are preferred. Some device for produc- 
ing a small flame, such as a micro-bunsen burner or small alcohol 

a J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1905. 24: 231. 

H7 (26) 



DETECTION OF ADULTEKATION. 27 

lamp, is required. In addition to the above, a pair of teasing-needles, 
a pair of small forceps, and a scalpel should be secured. 

As a clearing agent a chloral hydrate solution made up as follows 
was almost exclusively used: Chloral hydrate, 150 grams; water, 
100 cc. 

Among other reagents of occasional value the following should be 
noted: Alcohol of two strengths, 70 per cent and 95 per cent; two 
grades of glycerin, 100 per cent and 50 per cent (glycerin and water 
1:1 by volume), and glycerin jelly are needed if permanent speci- 
mens are to be made, and this will almost always be done by careful 
workers. 

The glycerin jelly is made up as follows: Best gelatin, 1.5 parts; 
water, 3 parts, and glycerin, 4 parts. Some persons a prefer to use 
only 1 part of gelatin, since it gives a jelly more easily worked than 
the amount mentioned. Soak the gelatin in the water until it is 
soft, add the glycerin, and heat over a water bath, finally adding two 
or three drops of carbolic acid as a preservative. 

TECHNIQUE. 

The difficulty encountered on examining specimens mounted in 
water or glycerin direct is due to the fact that they are too opaque 
and contain considerable air. Some means of clearing the frag- 
ments are necessary. Priestman 6 treated the sample with nitric 
acid, which attacked the more delicate tissues of the leaf first, and 
if the action was stopped at the right time, the leaf epidermis could 
be mounted as nearly clean tissues. This method is laborious if a 
large number of samples is to be tested, and seems to require con- 
siderable judgment as to just the stage at which the action is to be 
stopped, and hence is not desirable unless one is very familiar with 
microscopical technique. 

In this work the chloral hydrate solution before mentioned was 
used. A small amount of the specimen is placed upon a slide with 
two or three drops of the solution and gently heated to boiling over 
the micro-bunsen burner or alcohol flame and kept gently boiling 
for about one minute. If the chloral hydrate solution boils away 
before the heating is finished, a few drops more are added, for if the 
specimens become dry the object of the treatment is defeated. After 
the boiling is completed the specimen is allowed to cool down some- 
what, a cover-glass is placed over it and the specimen is ready for 
examination. If too much of the original specimen has been used, 
the mass will be too dense to give satisfactory results. A few tests, 
however, will demonstrate to the worker the most satisfactory amount 

a Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy, 2d edition, 1896, p. 243. 
b Loc. cit. 
117 



28 COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 

to use. It is well to make several slides from the specimen, so as to 
get a good idea of its character. 

Another method of procedure which some may prefer, and which 
lends itself readily to the examination of finely powdered samples, is 
the following: Place in a test tube a portion of the sample equal in 
size to a hazelnut, add a few cubic centimeters of the chloral hydrate 
solution and boil slowly for two or three minutes, allow to stand until 
the larger pieces have settled to the bottom and then remove a part 
of them with a pipette and mount on a slide in the usual manner. 

Such treatment is all that is necessary in the preparation of samples 
for immediate examination. It is often desirable, however, to pre- 
pare specimens for future reference. For this purpose the specimen 
is cleared with chloral hydrate as described, the excess liquid is 
removed by a piece of filter paper, and then mounted in glycerin or 
glycerin jelly. To mount in glycerin, add to the moist fragments a 
small drop of the 50 per cent glycerin and after covering seal with a 
good microscopical cement. In order to mount in glycerin jelly, the 
sample is cleared and the excess chloral hydrate solution removed as 
previously directed, a tiny drop of 50 per cent glycerin is mixed with 
the moist fragments, and then a small piece of glycerin jelly (about a 
quarter of the size of a pea) is placed on the slide. The whole is gently 
heated until the jelly melts, and the fragments are mixed with the 
jelly by means of a teasing-needle or scalpel, care being exercised not 
to make bubbles in the mass, as they are difficult to remove. Care 
should also be taken not to heat the glycerin jelly on the slide enough 
to produce bubbles. 

Permanent samples can be made, after clearing in chloral hydrate, 
by dehydrating in alcohol, clearing in xylol, and mounting in xylol 
Canada balsam. This method is not satisfactory, however, unless the 
sample is stained; and with many small fragments, as is usual in a 
powdered sumac, this step is somewhat difficult and tedious. 

SOME HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES. 

A short description of the most characteristic histological features 
of sumac and the most important of its adulterants may be of value. 
Although written descriptions and photographs aid greatly, in begin- 
ning such investigations the microscopist should, of course, first 
work on samples of known purity, then on known mixtures, and finally 
on mixtures of a content unknown to him but prepared from authen- 
tic samples. 

Sicilian Sumac (Rhus coriaria). 

The upper epidermis of Rhus coriaria (PI. I, fig.l) is made up of 
cells about 35yu in diameter (varying from 20/f to 50/0 . They appear 
in the surface view to be bounded by walls with fairly straight sides — 

117 



Bui. 1 17, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate I. 




Fig. 1 .—Sicilian Sumac (Rhus coriaria). Upper Surface. x150. 




Fig. 2.— Sicilian Sumac (Rhus coriaria i. Lower Surface. x150. 



DETECTION OF ADULTEKATION. 29 

that is, the individual segments of the periphery are but little dis- 
torted or curved. The walls are thin and have a slight beading due 
to deep, broad, regular pits, while the corners come down to quite 
sharp definite angles. There are present an abundance of horn- 
shaped hairs (trichomes) from 50 /* to 400/* long and from 35/* to 70/* 
diameter at the base. Although the cavity in some of the hairs, 
especially the smaller ones, is simple, in many of them it is divided by 
transverse septa into two or three chambers. The epidermal cells 
adjoining each trichome are commonly from 8 to 14 in number, 
though these limits are at times exceeded. They are much smaller 
in average size than those of the intra-trichome regions. The cells of 
the under epidermis (PI. I, fig. 2) are somewhat smaller than those of 
the upper epidermis, and the walls are much more bent or curved, 
giving the cells very irregular outlines. The beading of the walls is 
of about the same prominence as in the upper surface. On the under 
surface are two kinds of trichomes: (1) horn-like forms similar to 
those on the upper surface but usually longer; (2) glandular forms of 
from 3 to 4 cells, raised on a single-celled stalk, the whole forming a 
club-shaped structure. The horn-like trichomes of both the upper 
and lower sides of a leaf have commonly a slightly warty surface. 
The lower epidermis is also furnished with many stomata or breathing 
pores, but there is no such regularity in the number and arrangement 
of the adjacent epidermal cells as in the case of the lentiscus. Rosette 
crystals of calcium oxalate are often visible in the leaf tissue when 
viewed from either side, though some leaves show but few or none. 
An excess of stems is detected by the presence of fibrous tissue in 
greater amount than in good normal samples. Many fragments of 
the powdered sumac leaf will show only the trichome scars, since in 
grinding they are frequently broken off. 

Lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus). 

The method of clearing by chloral hydrate has a tendency to pro- 
duce clearer tissue in P. lentiscus than with R. coriaria. Both sur- 
faces of P. lentiscus are free from trichomes. The upper epidermis 
(PI. II, fig. 1) is made up of cells having very conspicuous walls. 
The outlines of the walls are straight and at the angles, instead of 
coming down to sharp points, are slightly rounded, giving to them 
a very distinctive appearance and one not to be confused with the 
surface appearance of R. coriaria or any of its other common adul- 
terants. This point is not so clearly shown in the photomicro- 
graph as in the specimens themselves since this feature was subor- 
dinated to producing the best general effect, the latter being much 
more important in its identification. The cells vary in width from 
17/* to 30/*. 

117 



30 COMMERCIAL SICILIAN SUMAC. 

The under epidermis cells (PI. II, fig. 2) have not quite so promi- 
nent walls as those of the upper layer and the outline is more inclined 
to be wavy. The limits of variation in diameter also exceed those 
of the upper surface. From six to ten cells are radially grouped 
around each stoma. In the ordinary clearing process these cells, 
together with the stomata, commonly clear up more perfectly than 
the rest of the epidermal cells, thus giving to the specimen when 
viewed under the microscope with the objective slightly out of per- 
fect focus a mottled appearance which is very characteristic. 

Tamarisk (Tamarix africana). 

This material cleared in chloral hydrate is more brownish in color 
than the species previously mentioned. The most characteristic 
feature observed is a papillse-like appearance on the surface of the 
leaves distinguishing it from the other plants studied. This is best 
observed on fragments which lie partially on edge, in which position 
the little protuberances are readily seen. (PI. Ill, fig. 1.) 

Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra). 

Though this species is not very commonly found if at all in Rhus 
coriaria as imported into this country, it is one of the possible adul- 
terants that should be kept in mind. On neither surface of the leaf 
are the horn-like trichomes present. The cells on the upper epider- 
mis resemble those on the upper epidermis of the R. coriaria, being 
ordinarily from 25/* to 52/* across. The beaded cell walls noted in 
the case of the R. coriaria are very pronounced in the R. glabra (PI. 
Ill, fig. 2), and, together with the absence of trichomes, have been 
used as the basis of its identification. 

The under surface of the leaf has epidermal cells and stomata and 
glandular hairs very much like, the R. coriaria, but the cell walls do 
not generally show quite so much undulation. The fact that the 
horn-like trichomes are absent from both sides of the leaf is of addi- 
tional service in the identification of whole or rather coarsely ground 
material, but in very finely ground samples can not be relied upon 
with certainty. 

CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF ADULTERANTS. 

In the detection of adulterants it is customary to place depend- 
ence only on the microscopical examination of the sample, no chemi- 
cal tests being regarded as of practical value for this purpose, although 
Proctor a states that any sumac infusion rendered turbid by bromin 
water is open to grave suspicions. Work in this laboratory has 
shown that while pure sumacs are not as easily precipitated, requir- 
ing more bromin water than lentiscus extracts do, both the sumac 

o Principles of Leather Manufacture, 1903, p. 272. 
117 



Bui. 1 1 7, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Fig. 1.— Lentiscus iPistacia lentiscus). Upper Surface. x150. 




Fig. 2— Lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus). Lower Surface. x150. 



Bui. 1 17, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate III. 




Fig. 1.— Tamarisk (Tamarix africana), showing Papill/e of 
Epidermis. x150. 




Fig. 2.— Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra). Upper Surface. x150. 



DETECTION OF ADULTEEATION. 31 

and its adulterants give a precipitate on treating with a quantity of 
saturated bromin water, and, as a consequence, but little reliance 
can be placed on this test. One of the most reliable indications of 
adulteration is the color of the dried sample. If lentiscus is present 
it will darken greatly on heating, becoming a dirty light brown with 
a tinge of red, while pure sumac only turns a slightly darker yellow. 
The experienced analyst, having a pure sumac for comparison, can 
pick out in nearly all cases samples adulterated with lentiscus. That 
this test agrees well with the microscopical examination is shown by 
the last column of Table II, where the purity of the samples as indi- 
cated by the color after drying is given. Of a total of 91 samples 
examined, 82 agreed with the microscopical test, 3 were doubtful, 
and 5 were erroneous. Moreover the color of the extract has been 
found a valuable indication, samples adulterated with lentiscus giv- 
ing a dark reddish extract, easily distinguished from pure sumac. 
As a rule, therefore, the experienced analyst can distinguish by 
means of the color of the extract and the dried material those sam- 
ples which are adulterated with lentiscus, but if there is any uncer- 
tainty a microscopical examination must be made. 

Neither the percentage of ash nor of sand is an indication of adul- 
teration with lentiscus, as this leaf does not differ materially from 
sumac in these particulars. The samples of leaf and ground sumac 
contained on an average 1.41 per cent of sand, the highest amount 
found being 3.05 per cent. Assuming that there was no sifting out 
of sand in transit, there was no evidence of willful addition of sand 
to these samples, although several indicated that they were but 
imperfectly winnowed or ventilated. There was less than 1 per cent 
of sand in the unground leaf, while 106 samples of ground leaf aver- 
aged 1.62 per cent and 15 contained more than 2 per cent. Therefore 
2 per cent of sand may very properly be considered the maximum 
sand content of a well-ventilated ground sumac. A larger content 
of sand indicates that the samples have been carelessly prepared. 

117 



EXTENT OF ADULTERATION. 

From 25 to 41 per cent of the invoices of Sicilian sumac imported 
into the country are adulterated, and this adulteration is effected 
almost exclusively with lentiscus. These adulterated shipments are, 
as a rule, so labeled as to convey the impression that they are pure 
Sicilian sumac. It is sometimes claimed that shipments of sumac 
are mixed with lentiscus in accordance with the order of the importer. 
In such cases the consignment should be properly labeled indicating 
the amount of lentiscus used. The tannin content is from 2 to 7 per 
cent lower in the adulterated samples than in the pure sumacs, averag- 
ing about 4.5 per cent lower, and the color of the extract prepared 
from them is much darker than that of pure sumac extracts. While 
to the experienced analyst the color of the extract or of the dried 
material is generally indicative of the purity of the sample, only 
microscopical examination can definitely determine this question. 

The adulteration of Sicilian sumac is of more importance than is 
indicated merely by a lower tannin content, otherwise American 
sumac could be used at a much smaller cost. When high-grade, 
light-colored leathers or durable sumac-tanned leathers are required, 
as for instance in bookbinding, adulteration results in discoloration 
and destruction of the leather in a much shorter time than when pure 
sumac is employed in tanning, and the money loss thus occasioned 
is many times the difference in cost between a pure and an adulterated 

sumac. 

" Aside from any ethical consideration, there is absolutely no advan- 
tage to the tanner in the purchase of adulterated sumac because, as a 
matter of fact, the tannin in such sumac costs more for a given amount 
than when bought in pure sumac. Thus taking the current quota- 
tions of from $71 to $72 per ton for sumac containing 29 per cent of 
tannin, $70 to $71 for 28 per cent, and $69 to $70 for 27 per cent, the 
tannin costs from 12.2 to 12.4 cents, from 12.5 to 12.7 cents, and from 
12.7 to 13 cents per pound, respectively. That is, the tanner is mak- 
ing a lower grade leather at a greater cost when using adulterated 
sumac. Finally, as there may be a variation of as much as 10 per 
cent in the tannin content of pure sumac, it should always be bought 
on the basis of its tannin content, and if adulterated should be so 
labeled. 

in (32) 

o 



LEJa'09 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

016 058 696 5 



